ALTOONA, PA. - Love comes in at the eye, the poet William Butler Yeats wrote, and so it was for Donald Andrews: One look, and he knew that he was in love, intensely in love.
"I just could not stop looking at her," Andrews, 39, recalled, sitting in the late-day shade of a cafe umbrella he set up in the yard of his mobile home. "I just kept thinking: 'I'm going to get her. Someday, I'm going to get her and marry her.' "
He also knew, even as a mere lad of 14, that this wouldn't be just any romance because the object of that rapturous gaze happened to be his cousin Eleanor. And not a distant cousin, somewhere in the far branches of the family tree. Their mothers were sisters.
They knew their attraction "? she had felt it, too "? was taboo, and they kept it more or less a secret. That is, until last month, when they decided to marry.
Turned away from the courthouse because Pennsylvania law prohibits first-cousin marriages, Donald W. Andrews Sr. and Eleanor Amrhein, 37, crossed into Maryland to wed. Before they could think about a honeymoon, the newlyweds became the butt of jokes on the late-night talk shows.
But their marriage also cast a light on conflicting state laws surrounding the practice and on such groups as Cousins United to Defeat Discriminating Laws Through Education and www.cousincouples.com, which cite new research to encourage acceptance of such unions.
"In God's eyes, we're all brothers and sisters. You can't tell your heart who to fall in love with," Amrhein said.
Uncommon in United States
Consanguineous marriages have declined in much of the industrialized world but remain common in some parts of Latin America, the Middle East and Asia. Maryland is one of 20 states that permit it, as does the District of Columbia. Six more allow such marriages only under certain conditions.
In general, studies bear out the taboo's wisdom, suggesting that marriages between people related by blood "? known as consanguinity "? produce a higher risk of genetic disorders in their offspring.
It is especially true among closed or isolated communities, such as among some Arab communities in the Middle East, Hindus and others in southern India, Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe, and the Amish in North America.
Yet a recent study suggested that though the relative risk of birth defects is higher among the offspring of first and second cousins, the absolute risk remains small in societies where inbreeding is rare.
The study, published in the Journal of Genetic Counseling in April 2002, found that the risk of birth defects ran about twice as high "? about 6 percent to 8 percent "? for cousins, compared with about 3 percent to 4 percent for unrelated couples. In absolute terms, however, that still translated into odds of better than 90 percent that a child will be born without problems, the study found.
Low risk of problems
"And that generally wasn't realized by people. They thought if you marry your cousin, the risk was much, much higher," said Arno Motulsky, a professor of genome sciences at the University of Washington who co-authored the study.
When the study appeared, however, news coverage often emphasized the low risk without noting that such marriages pose less danger because they are rare.
"They went completely over the other way and said there's no risk. That's not true," Motulsky said. "Persons should get full counseling, full advice about what they are getting into, what the problems are, and then it should be left to them."
For Andrews and Amrhein, childbearing was not an issue: They said they do not plan to have children. They just want to be together.
Neither revealed their secret to anyone until about seven years ago.
They began to date after her marriage ended in divorce and his longtime relationship broke up.
Their families recoiled at the news. When the two began living together, her family disowned her for a time.
Friends dredged up Bible passages to scold them.
Six years ago, he proposed to her at the jewelry case in Wal-Mart after they spied a pair of wedding bands on sale.
"I said, 'Are you prepared to go through the hell we're going to go through?' " he said.
Yes, she said, accepting the engagement.
But because of a host of concerns, they locked their rings away until last month.
After a Pennsylvania court clerk refused to grant a marriage license, the couple challenged the refusal in open court, as allowed by law, and lost.
So on March 28, "? Amrhein already has to prompt her newlywed to remember the exact date "? they crossed the state line.
In a civil ceremony attended by his mother and a niece and nephew, the cousins held hands before a justice of the peace in Calvert County and exchanged vows.
"We just wanted to be together," Amrhein said.
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